Australian Rules essay Essay Example for Free

Australian Rules essay Essay Australian rules is set in a small rural town, where the relationships between the white townspeople and the Aboriginal people on the mission are complex, conflicted and marred by deeply entrenched racism. The local football team in many ways serves to represent the town, it reflects the conflicted relationship between the white people and the Aboriginal people- we begin to understand this as the film unfolds. Other themes inherent in the film are themes of family, love, loyalty and violence- the secrecy of domestic violence and the more overt forms of racial violence that spill out onto the public spheres of the football field and the pub. The opening narration informs us that half the football team is Aboriginal and that there would not be a football team without the Aboriginal players, therefore we understand how the town team relies on the talent and number of the Aboriginal players. We then witness the contradiction of the white and Aboriginal boys playing side by side as team members followed by the social segregation between the members after the match. This segregation is highlighted by Blacky (a white boy from town) and Dumby (an Aboriginal boy who is the best player on the team) whose friendship transcends these borders and we also witness ways that this segregation between the white teenager and Aboriginal teenagers is culturally imposed by certain adults. In one of the beginning scenes, just after a football match, Dumby and Blacky want to ‘hang out’ together, but Dumby is taken back to the mission by an older friend and Blacky cannot follow. Blacky, Clarence and Dumby all call out to each other ‘Nukkin ya’ and this use of Aboriginal language between two Aboriginal teenagers and Blacky the white boy signifies the level of their friendship and mutual acceptance. Pickles’ comment to Blacky that ‘now he even talks like one’, symbolises the town’s disapproval of such respect for Aboriginal culture and Aboriginal people. The character of Pretty, Dumby’s older friend from the mission, plays an important role in the film. He was once a talented football player himself but no longer ‘kicks goals for whitefellas’ and he is significant because he is the main character to verbalise that Aboriginal people are treated differently and unfairly. He is somewhat aggressive in his approach, expressing bitterness and resentment, yet it is implied that his approach is reactionary to the way he has been treated, and his statementsoverlooked by the white coach- are significant examples of changing responses to uneven power dynamics. For example the white coach tells Dumby to make sure all the Aboriginal team players turn up to the next match and Pretty interjects stating that it doesn’t work that way anymore, his metaphor of ‘yes sir, no sir, three bags full sir’, clearly refers to the history of Aboriginal people being used as servants and points out that the coach’s approach of ordering Dumby around is no longer appropriate. Unfortunately the coach does not take this message on and rather than acknowledging the Aboriginal boys as talented, valuable and indeed essential team players, he nervously treats them as unreliable boys who may destroy the team’s chances by not turning up. This attitude of relying on Aboriginal talent, whilst refusing to appropriately acknowledge this talent is made explicitly clear during the award giving ceremony that takes place after the team win the finals. Pretty is made to leave the ceremony after he disputes the truth of a speech about the egalitarian nature of football ‘where you can be anyone, from anywhere, and receive the recognition you deserve’. Pretty is immediately proved to be right when the awards are given only to white boys, and Dumby, who is obviously the most talented player on the team is left completely unacknowledged. There is a direct shift in Dumby’s response and he becomes more like Pretty, demonstrating anger and resentment, rather than his normal cheerful, co operative self. This gives us insight into Pretty’s character and how he may have developed the attitude that he has towards white people. Pretty and Dumby’s break-in to the pub that very night can be interpreted as a direct response to the unfairness of the award ceremony- although there are characters, such as the coach, who are not willing to see the connection. The fact that Dumby is then murdered by Blacky’s father is a complicated event with many layers of meaning. The insights we have been given about Blacky’s father prior to the shooting is that of a man who dominates his family, puts down his sons for showing vulnerability and who physically abuses his wife. There are instances in which we can see links between the violence he demonstrates towards his family and the verbal and physical violence he feels justified in displaying towards Dumby, and then later towards Dumby’s sister, Clarence. There is a scene in which the father physically attacks Blacky and forces Blacky to declare loyalty to him (regarding the shooting), meanwhile verbally abusing Clarence with racial slurs and ordering her to get out of his house. During this scene the camera pans onto the faces of the Blacky’s mother and siblings and we see how domestic and racial violence become enmeshed, that the father’s attack on Blacky for being with Clarence is an act of violence that hurts his whole family. Interestingly it is Clarence who is the least cowed in this scene, she does not show fear and walks out with dignity. In this way we can see how control and domination is a particular pattern in this family, but is not taken on by Clarence. In many ways, the shooting, and the following events, are catalysts for great changes, both in the town, and more specifically in Blacky’s family. Blacky rejects his parent’s demands to maintain loyalty to his father and instead Blacky remains loyal to his friendship with Dumby. Blacky’s rejection of his father’s authority instigates other members of the family, such as his mother and next youngest brother who subtly take Blacky’s side. The scene where his brother urges him to get up and face his father, (when his father beat him to the ground), symbolises the request of his family for Blacky to represent them all and challenge the father’s authority. The resolution of the film sees the father gone, leaving Clarence and Blacky happily together but planning to this town ‘that has nothing for them’. The fate of the town is not so happy, the boys from the mission won’t come to town and there is no longer a football team. In many ways we can see how Australian rules reflects the complexities of human relationships- of love and loyalty and hatred and violence, and clearly demonstrates how deeply entrenched racism hurts everyone. The town, through its racism has destroyed the tentative trust of the Aboriginal people and has lost its ‘glory’- its winning football team. Its seems empty, a place only good for leaving.

What is Sin? Essay -- Adam Eve Religion Sinning God Essays Papers

What is Sin?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adam and Eve, the two that started it all. These two names will remain as a reminder to us forever because of their actions. Genesis chapter two talks about how man was made perfect; flawless and in God’s favor. These two individuals change how mankind would be from that time on. Sin entered the world and things began to change.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before Adam and Eve’s decision there was no sin or death, because of their actions we now have to deal with both. This brings up the question of where original sin came from. We know that God cannot create evil, so it did not come from Him. He gave man free will. From this man went against God and therefore created sin. Because of this we know have inherited depravity. We can not have the relationship that God intended us to have. We now must make a choice if we are going to follow Him or not. Since Jesus’ death we can now ask Him to enter us through the Holy Spirit; God just does not walk with us like He did with Adam in the garden.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sin has been defined as many things by many groups throughout the ages. In the Old Testament it was defined as a failure to hit a mark or an attitude of rebellion. In the New Testament it is defined as failing to conform to a standard or as a condition. However, we must decide for ourselves what it means in our own lives. The Holy Spirit will guide us in our definition. Without being taught right and wrong we still are able to decipher between the two.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Bible uses sin in...

Mobile Computing Essay

Abstract Mobile computing offers significant benefits for organizations that choose to integrate the technology into their fixed organizational information system. Mobile computing is made possible by portable computer hardware, software, and communications systems that interact with a non-mobile organizational information system while away from the normal, fixed workplace. Mobile computing is a versatile and potentially strategic technology that improves information quality and accessibility, increases operational efficiency, and enhances management effectiveness. A detailed analysis, supported by selective presentation of published literature, is used to elucidate and support these asserted benefits of mobile computing. Additionally, a set of inquiring called the MOBILE framework is developed. The MOBILE framework assists information technology professionals in achieving the stated benefits of mobile computing by defining the types of problems, opportunities, and directives that are best addressed through mobile computing technology. Using mobile systems in urban systems is a research subject, which was addressed in the last year by several research projects and research papers. Thus, the research field of mobile systems in urban systems becomes more complex and more diversified. In such a situation and analyzing look at the research work done so far can provide valuable insights. Hence, in this paper a work in progress for a review of literature regarding the design, use and impact of mobile systems in urban systems will be presented. In this review a verbal approach will be used, which will be based on a reference framework. This reference framework will be mainly designed with respect to the research methods and research questions applied respectively discussed in the evaluated literature, so that in the end of the review conclusions regarding future research questions in the field of mobile and urban systems can be drawn. Introduction Android technology is a type of OSS (open source software), which is a type of software readily available with a source code that isn’t held exclusive by copyright laws. Android is made especially for mobile devices and includes: software that provides common services for computer applications, middleware, which lets multiple applications run at the same time or connect, and many other key applications like social networking, games, and business modules. Android is modeled after Linux kernel, the first operating system of free and open-source software. However, Android is moving to increase the number of people with web access via mobile devices (cell phones). In August of 2005, Google purchased the original software developer of Android. Android technology includes the hardware devices, operating systems, and computer-programming languages used by the Android phone. Android developers write in java language, which is why the majority of the open-source software stack consists of Java applications on a Java-based framework that is object-oriented. Some of the most popular android products are HTC-EVO 4G and Droid X, 2, and Pro smart phones as well as one of it’s latest developments, the Motorola XOOM, an Android tablet. Android continues to progress in its production of newer software, smart phones, etc. To date, there are over two hundred thousand applications offered for Android. Lastly, Android technology has improved mobile technology by forming the Open Handset Alliance, a group of handset manufacturers, service providers, and chip producers whose goal is to form the ecosystem for Android operating systems. The fundamental purpose of this paper is to illustrate that mobile computing is a versatile and potentially strategic technology that improves information quality and accessibility, increases operational efficiency, and enhances management effectiveness. A successive examination of the characteristics and benefits of mobile computing is used to achieve this goal.As a starting point, a definition of mobile comput ing is provided. Next, the technologies that make mobile computing possible (hardware, software, and communications) are examined. The discussion of mobile computing technologies leads into an overview of the types of applications that are commonly found on mobile computers. With this background established, the following two sections demonstrate the ability of mobile computing to improve both information quality and information accessibility. Using this knowledge in conjunction with mobile computing case examples, the ability of mobile computing to improve operational efficiency is subsequently supported. Then, the ability of mobile computing to increase management effectiveness is similarly supported. The previously discussed improvements in information quality, information accessibility, operational efficiency, and management effectiveness are then used to demonstrate that mobile computing is a versatile technology. Additionally, three separate existing frameworks for understanding the strategic nature of information technology are used to illustrate the strategic qualities of mobile computing. As with any technology, mobile computing must be used appropriately in order to attain the benefits that have been discussed. To this end, a set of heuristics called the MOBILE framework is developed by the author to assist information technology professionals in achieving the stated benefits of mobile computing. The MOBILE framework assists information technology professionals by defining the types of problems, opportunities, and directives that are best addressed through mobile computing technology. Before concluding, the paper discusses the continuous evolution and change that is occurring within the field of mobile computing. Two examples of new technologies that will impact mobile computing in the future are examined. The paper concludes with a review of the material covered and a reassertion of the stated benefits of mobile computing. Chapter II Review of Related Literature This chapter presents the literature and related studies that clarifies the different aspects of the research. It also discusses the theories about the subject, and its purpose. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology are needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. These useful arts are the products of the technological environment and the end-user is society in general. The excerpt was stated by Josefina Estolas in the book Fundamentals of Research (1995). Science and technology are essential for national development and progress. The State shall give priority to research and development, invention, and their utilization, and to science and technology education according to the 1987 Philippine Constitution (Article XIV, Section 10). Since computer power was the critical resource, efficiency of processing became the main goal. Emphasis was placed on automating existing process such as purchasing or paying, often within single department as indicated by Jeffrey A. Hofer on Modern System Analysis and Design (1996). A major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an abstract view of data. That is the system hides certain details of how the data are stored and maintained as stated by Abraham Silberschatz, Database System Concepts (1999). A database is an organized collection of facts and information. An organizations database can contain facts and information on customers, employees, inventory, competitors, sales information and much more. Most Managers and executive believe a database is one of the most valuable and important parts of a computer-based Information System in accordance with Ralph M. Stair’s Fundamentals of Information System (2001). a. Foreign Literature * Salon Booker Salon Booker is the leading online scheduling, point-of-sale and business management software for the beauty industry. Thousands of businesses have joined the Gramercy. One family to provide online booking to their customers, manage day-to-day operations and drive new business. Salon Booker is completely web-based, which makes it available from any computer with a browser and internet connection, anywhere at any time, even via an smart phone or iPad. With Salon Booker you will be able to manage your business efficiently by integrating multiple systems in to one, save time through intelligent inventory and commission management and track and report across all activities within your business. * Leprechaun Spa Leprechaun Spa and Salon Software is easy-to-use, point-of-sale management software developed by spa and salon owners for salons and day spas. Leprechaun spa and salon management software facilitates most daily spa and salon management functions, eliminating paperwork and saving time and money. Its features include sales tracking, sales reports, payroll systems and more. Bibliography Karch, M. (2011). What is Google Android? Retrieved from http://google.about.com/od/ Karch, M. (2011). What is Google Android? Retrieved from http://google.about.com/od/ socialtoolsfromgoogle/p/android_what_is.ht Reardon, M. (2008, April 1). Google Android and the Wireless Future. CNET News. Retrieved from http://www.cnet.com/4520-13935_1-6853338-1.html?tag=mncol%3b3n Ruffolo, R. (2008, August 5). The Biggest Obstacles Facing Google’s Android [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.itworldcanada.com/news/the-biggest-obstacles-facing-googles-android/03721 Android(Operating System). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Android_%28operating_system%29 May 1, 2011 The New Faces of Android. (2009, September 16). Retrieved from http://www.technologyreview.com/business/23478/ May 1, 2011 http://www.studymode.com/essays/Review-Related-Literature-1071040.html http://www.salonbooker.com/ http://www.squidoo.com/leprechaun-salon-software-hair-salon-software-nail-salon-software-tanning-salon-software

The Legacy Of John F. Kennedy - 1429 Words

John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the youngest president of the United States of America in history. He also the second son of Joseph and Rose Kennedy. He was American politician who served the U.S as a president from Jan 1961 until he was murdered in Dallas, Texas Nov 1963. When he was child John F. Kennedy had everything that a child could dream of, because his father was a billionaire. However JFK studied and graduated from Harvard in 1940. Three years later he volunteered in the U.S military. After the war was end Kennedy joined the politics as a democracy. Then he was elected in the House of Representative, and he served as a congress man for six years. It follows that he faced the republican Richard Nixon and he won the election that day with a small amount of votes. As a result of that he was the first American catholic president. He took the charges in the era of the civil rights movement. It was the most important problem for him to solve. His goal was to remind the American citiz en of the fathers’ constitution witch basically says â€Å"freedom country and equal rights.† President JFK was one of the greatest leaders in the civil rights movement, because of his alliance with Martin Luther King Jr to solve the American problem, his courage decisions to protect this country, discovering the space and developing the country, and his strategies’ to avoid segregation and racism JFK alliance with Martin Luther King Jr. According to Gerier â€Å"The National Civil Rights Museum in MemphisShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of John F. Kennedy1176 Words   |  5 PagesJohn F. Kennedy did a lot for our country although his presidential term was cut short. He had a certain allure to him that Americans liked. Kennedy knew what to do to gain the votes of all different types of voters no matter their age, race, or religion. His campaign and presidency have inspired even today’s presidents and presidential candidates in multiple ways. John F. Kennedy was a spectacular man and president that brought a fresh feel to America and who left a legacy that will never be forgottenRead MoreThe Legacy of John F. Kennedy1129 Words   |  5 PagesPresidents relate in life and none in death. Most people know John F. Kennedy as the 35th President of the United States, the youngest president, and one of fewest presidents that was killed. But what was JFKs legacy? JFK was born on May, 29th, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts, a quiet, clam suburb in Boston. As a child John F. Kennedy was mostly referred to the name Jack, by friends and family. His parents, Rose and Joseph Kennedy were too involved with social rank and their place in BostonsRead MoreThe Legacy of John F. Kennedy1917 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is a legacy? Is it strictly a visible, touchable object? A legacy is not just an object that people can see; it can be a dream or an idea. Although his life came to a tragic end, John F. Kennedy was one of the many presidents that served his term of presidency with compassion and dedication, and also, he left behind an unforgettable legacy to live on for the generations to come. His legacy was both an idea and dream that still affects many Americans today, as he led people to believe that heRead MoreThe Legacy Of John F. Kennedy1085 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy made history as America’s youngest and first Catholic President. JFK, or â€Å"Jack† Kennedy, was born into a wealthy family, who were considered American royalty. Jack Kennedy was only our President for a few short years, but the stories of his assassination and his legacy live on today. President Kennedy was easily one of America’s most famous leaders of all time. John F. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on May 29, 1917. Jack was the second of nine children bornRead MoreThe Legacy Of John F Kennedy1142 Words   |  5 PagesThe Democrat that stood with his hand on the living holy scripture would not only be known as the youngest man to enter the sacred halls of the White House, but also as the one that entrusted his heart and soul for the love of his nation. John Fitzgerald Kennedy recited what seemed like ancient words bound within the inaugural speech with more than a noticeable Boston pronunciation. The unforeseen knowledge that this young senator would be the victim of a deadly attack left the world innocent. ThisRead MoreThe Legacy Of John F. Kennedy980 Words   |  4 PagesBorn in 1917, John F. Kennedy grew up in a wealthy family with influence both politically, and economically. His grandfather was a famous politician, his father a billionaire, and his brothers he grew up with would go on to become well known politicians . Growing up in a family like this, it would appear hard to distinguish yourself, however, JFK would go on to surpass them all by becoming the 35th, and perhaps most beloved president of the United States. As president JFK was popular. He was youngRead MoreThe Legacy Of John F. Kennedy1879 Words   |  8 PagesUnited State of America which was John F. Kennedy has been assassinated. Lyndon’s purpose of the speech was comfort America after the death of John F. Kennedy and also to insure America that with this horrific tragedy that America has to go through he will continue the act of the forward thrust of America that John F. Kennedy had begun to do while he was in was the President. Also Johnson ensures America that John F. Kennedy will live on with us. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the youngest president heRead MoreThe Legacy Of John F. Kennedy1480 Words   |  6 Pagesvice president had given him prominence and experience where communism was concerned.. Democrats, meanwhile, nominated the relatively unknown John F. Kennedy, a young but accomplished senator from Massachusetts who had served with distinction in World War II and had won a Pulitzer Prize for his 1956 book Profiles in Courage .At only forty-three years old, Kennedy exuded a youthful confidence that contrasted sharply with Nixon’s serious demeanor—a contrast that was plainly evident in the first-ever liveRead MoreThe Legacy Of John F. Kennedy Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesOn November 22, 1963 the lives of John F. Kennedy, Harvey Lee Oswald, Jack Ruby, Jacqueline Kennedy-Onassis, Lyndon B. Johnson. John Connally, Abraham Zupruder, and several others , all took a dramatic turning point. On November 22, 1963 President John Fittzgerald Kennedy was assassinated in the Dealey Plaza of Dallas Texas. Less than two hours later CBS News showed Harvey Lee Oswald in handcuffs at Dallas Police Headquarters. Harvey Lee Oswald was born October 18, 1939 in New Orleans, LouisianaRead MoreLeadership And Legacy Of John F. Kennedy1388 Words   |  6 PagesJohn F. Kennedy His Leadership Legacy John F. Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts and was known as (Jack). He was the son of Joseph P. Kennedy, an ambassador to Great Britain during Franklin D. Roosevelt administration. The Kennedy’s were one of the wealth family in American. He was one of the most important leader in America. When he graduated from Harvard University in 1940 he wrote a winning note with his publication of â€Å"Why England Slept†, it was an expansion

The Effects of Global Warming on Animals

Global warming, scientists say, is responsible not only for shrinking ice caps but also for a surge in extreme weather that is causing heat waves, forest fires, and droughts. The polar bear standing on a chunk of shrinking ice, apparently stranded, has become a familiar image, a symbol of the devastating effects of climate change. This image is somewhat misleading since polar bears are powerful swimmers and climate change will primarily affect them by restricting access to prey. Nevertheless, researchers agree that even small changes in temperature are enough to threaten hundreds of already struggling animals. Time is of the essence: A 2003 study in the journal Nature concluded that 80 percent of some 1,500 wildlife species sampled are already showing signs of stress from climate change. Habitat Disruption The key impact of global warming on wildlife is habitat disruption, in which ecosystems—places where animals have spent millions of years adapting—rapidly transform in response to climate change, reducing their ability to fulfill the species needs. Habitat disruptions are often due to changes in temperature and water availability, which affect the native vegetation and the animals that feed on it. Affected wildlife populations can sometimes move into new spaces and continue to thrive. But concurrent human population growth means that many land areas that might be suitable for such â€Å"refugee wildlife† are fragmented and already cluttered with residential and industrial development. Cities and roads can act as obstacles, preventing plants and animals from moving into alternative habitats. A report by the Pew Center for Global Climate Change suggests that creating â€Å"transitional habitats† or â€Å"corridors† could help migrating species by linking natural areas that are otherwise separated by human development. Shifting Life Cycles Beyond habitat displacement, many scientists agree that global warming is causing a shift in the timing of various natural cyclical events in the lives of animals. The study of these seasonal events is called phenology. Many birds have altered the timing of long-held migratory and reproductive routines to better sync up with the warming climate. And some hibernating animals are ending their slumbers earlier each year, perhaps due to warmer spring temperatures. To make matters worse, research contradicts the long-held hypothesis that different species coexisting in a particular ecosystem respond to global warming as a single entity. Instead, different species within the same habitat are responding in dissimilar ways, tearing apart ecological communities millennia in the making. Effects on Animals Affect People Too As wildlife species struggle and go their separate ways, humans can also feel the impact. A World Wildlife Fund study found that a northern exodus from the United States to Canada by some types of warblers led to a spread of mountain pine beetles that destroy valuable balsam fir trees. Similarly, a northward migration of caterpillars in the Netherlands has eroded some forests there. Which Animals Are Hardest Hit by Global Warming? According to Defenders of Wildlife, some of the wildlife species hardest hit by global warming include caribou (reindeer), arctic foxes, toads, polar bears, penguins, gray wolves, tree swallows, painted turtles, and salmon. The group fears that unless we take decisive steps to reverse global warming, more and more species will join the list of wildlife populations pushed to the brink of extinction.

Animal Testing Should Be Banned - 1509 Words

Animal testing is intended to express the use of animals in scientific research. Every year more than 115 million animals around the world have been used in laboratory experiments (Human Society International,2012). They include animals that are generally used in medical research such as cats, dogs, guinea pigs, mice, rats and monkeys. This experience has a major role in the progress of medicine. For example, it has been used in the development of drugs and surgical procedures and artificial body parts. Galen of Pergamum, a Greek physician who has been known as the first scientist who performed experiments on living animals during the second century ( Hajar,2011). The early trials conducted before the development of†¦show more content†¦Many developed countries, developed a more comprehensive regulatory framework. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration demands to test new products on animals, and exclude most animal-related laws. It also organizes experiments by 3 ways: First: the Animal Welfare Act, which is the only federal law which sets basic standards for the care and treatment of animals in laboratories, but exclude mice and birds used in research purposes, which represent 95% of the experimental animals (Human Society International,2012) . The law requires notification of the number of laboratory animals used in research. It also imposes on each institution to have the committee use and protection of animals, the researchers consult with veterinarians in the organization they work for and with this committee on any experiments planned to take place on the animal, and the committees to review to determine whether the use of animals is guaranteed or not, and also the review of the protocols to see whether it can reduce the use of animals or replaced in order to reduce suffering. Under the terms of the animal law, Scientists can also perform any action on animals if scientific justification provided. And they have the commission to make sure researchers study other alternatives on non- use of animals and search for alternatives and report to the commission on the search result. If alternatives can not be found, the

Global Business Money and Finance

Question: Discuss about the Global Business for Money and Finance. Answer: Introduction In the current time, it is essential, valuable and significant for the business firms or companies to expand their business at the global level by entering into a global market. It is because, expanding business into the global market, can provides a lot of tangible and intangible benefits and opportunities to grow and enhance the level of profit. But, when a new company or firm enter into another market or global market, several kinds of serious issues and challenges are faced by the organization in the market. But, such issues/challenges can be overcome or reduce by using strategic, dynamic and innovative global business strategies in an effective and proper manner. Moreover, for this research paper an Australian pharmaceutical company would be selected and background information about the selected company would be described. On the other hand, this research study would also conduct an analysis on the risk/challenges, and opportunities within both China and South Africa market. At the same time, based on the above analysis, a best country for the selected company would be recommended so that it can effectively enter into in the global market. Furthermore, an entry strategy/mode for the selected company would be proposed to enter into another market. Hence, all these are the main objectives related with this research study that would be attained in order to reach a valid outcome or conclusion. Background to the Company Generally, with regards to this research paper, Lawley Pharmaceuticals is selected that is one of the leading and major Australian pharmaceutical companies. Moreover, it is accessed that, the company is expecting and considering China as well as South Africa for the purpose to enlarge its business activities and enter the global marketplace for the first time. On the other hand, it should also be noted down that, it is a well reputed and well known Australian privately held pharmaceutical organization that was founded by the pharmacist Michael Buckley in the year 1995 at Perth, Western Australia. At the same time, it is found that, in the current time, the company is providing a wide range of products and services related to the pharmaceutical in the country. For example, it is one of the leading and specialized manufactures of the pharmaceutical-grade hormone replacement therapies within the Australian pharmaceutical industry (Lawley Pharmaceuticals, 2016). In addition to this, it is the largest and biggest manufactures of the Australia that develops progesterone as well as testosterone creams for the different kinds of endocrine deficiencies and medical conditions. Along with this, it is also analysed and found that, in the area of research and development of transdermal hormone preparations, Lawley Pharmaceuticals is the market leader. Moreover, the company is also heavily focusing on advancing clinical research from the last 20 years in the country. Furthermore, the company was founded and established for the vision of developing naturally occurring hormones. Moreover, this company comes under the most profitable companies with highest sales, market share, and revenue within the Australian Pharmaceutical business sector (Lawley Pharmaceuticals, 2016). Analysis of Risks/Challenges and Opportunities in South Africa and China Risks/Challenges: Basically, there are four kinds of risks/challenges faced by a company when it enters into another market or global marketplace. For example, commercial, country, financial and cross cultural risks etc are the major examples of risk that may be faced by a company in the global market. These risks negatively affect the business operations, strategies, methods, market share, level of revenues, and profitability of a new company into the global market. Moreover, it is important for the new companies or firms to access potential of a new country by conducting risks and opportunities analysis (Thoo, 2013). Commercial Risks: It is kinds of risk that occurs from the potential losses arising from the trading partners or the market. But, in the China, there are less commercial risks by comparing to South Africa. For example, China had developed a lot of Free trade agreements with the Australia and strong business relations exits among these two. In contrast, there is lack of such business agreement among the South Africa and Australia (Abbey and Doukas, 2015). Currency/Financial Risks: There are fewer changes in the changes in the currency of China because of high real GDP rate. Country Risks: These risks include political risk, exchange rate risk, economic risk, sovereign risk and transfer risk. For case, the political and economic environment of the China is highly stable and effective as compare to South Africa due to availability of strict and supportive business rules, laws, regulations, and standards. In contrast, the both political and economic environment of South Africa is not strong and effective as compare to China due to gap in regulatory policies. Hence, there is less country risks in the China as compare to South Africa (Chou, Wang, and Wang, 2015). Cross-Cultural Risks: As with the highest population, China is the largest country in the global world with a population of 1.357 billion and this is increasing rapidly day by day. In contrast, the population of South Africa is approximate 52.98 million. This great difference indicates that the Chinees population is highly diversified as compare to South Africa. In China, there is diverse population with different needs, wants and demand that may affect the success and growth of a company in the nation. In the same way, Chinese culture is highly complex as compare to South Africa so there are greater cross cultural risks exits in China (Flint, Lepone, and Yang, 2014). Opportunities: The following table indicates the main opportunities available both in China and South Africa Market: China Worlds largest and Biggest Market and Economy Emerging focus on innovation, higher-end consumer goods and services Innovative and Supportive Business policies, laws, rules, and Regulations Availability of Trained and well skilled employees or workforce Reduced rates of Taxes and Tariffs (National Industry Program, 2016). Chinese Business Etiquette and Culture Availability of resources at the cheaper rate or price Low labour costs, Strong political and economic structure Availability of a number of Large and small financial companies and financial institutions (Carroll, 2013). A large number of customers Growing and distinctive Chinese pharmaceutical market South Africa The pharmaceutical market or industry of the nation is small so a new company can easily target their customers for their product There is no tight competition in the market and companies can easily expand business in the nation. Innovative and supportive business environment No strict business rules for the new companies Eco-friendly health policies The Selected Destination Country Based on the identified risks, challenges and opportunities, it is suggested that Lawley Pharmaceuticals should enter and expand their business in China not in South Africa. It is because, there are greater and high level of risks and challenges exits in the market of South Africa as compares to China. Moreover, as compare to South Africa, a lot of business opportunities are available in the Chinees market that can be gained by the Lawley in order to expand the business. Moreover, it is also found that, the political, economic, social, technological and legal environment of the China is more supportive as compare to South Africa (Pacific Bridge Medical, 2016). So, it is recommended that, the company should go for China to expand the business operations. At the same time, it is also found that, in the South Africa, there is a weak policy environment and limited governmental support for the Pharmaceuticals companies. In contrast, in China, there is a strong policy for such companies an d proper support is provided by the government to the companies in order to grow and expand the business (Nanda, and Kumar, 2012). Additionally, the Pharmaceutical market of the China is larger and biggest as compare to South Africa so there are more opportunities available in the Chinees market for the Pharmaceuticals companies. In contrast, within the Pharmaceuticals business sector of the South Africa, there is a gap among the enforcement capacities and regulatory framework that may affect the success of the company in the market (Sun Pharma, 2016). On the other hand, as compare to China, in South Africa, there is shortfalls in capital and skills. Along with this, China is one of the biggest and most populated countries in the global world. Moreover, the Pharmaceutical sector of the China is also working very well and fast with fastest growing rate of economy and the economic and political structure of the nation is effective. Hence, it is suggested that, Lawley Pharmaceuticals should enter and expand their business in China as compare to South Africa in order to take the benefits of biggest and largest marke t of the world (Pacific Bridge Medical, 2014). Proposed Entry Mode/Strategy for the Chosen Country Today, it is more important and valuable for the companies or business firms to identify and chose a best market entry strategy in order to expand the business and enter into the global bazaar. For example, there are different kinds of market entry strategy such as: Greenfield Investments, Piggybacking, Turnkey Projects, Merger, Acquisition, Partnering, Joint venture, Franchising, Licensing, direct exporting etc. All these strategies may be used by Lawley Pharmaceuticals in order to expand the business into the China. Hence, it is more comprehensive for the Lawley Pharmaceuticals to analyse and select a best market entry strategy in order to enter into the Chinese market or Pharmaceutical industry (IMS Health, 2016). Moreover, it is also necessary for the Lawley to select a best market entry strategy by analysing and accessing the business environment of China market. So, in order to choose a best strategy, the company would analyse the economic integration between Australia (Home Country) and host country (China). Moreover, the company would also need to analyse both the political and legal environment of the China (Mitrev, and Culpepper, 2012). Level of Economic Integration: The economic integration among the China and Australia is at the regional level which is marked in the level of the expansion of intermediate goods deal, intraregional trade, and harmonization between disjointed parts of the manufacture procedures in the different business sectors. On the other hand, a free trade agreement is also exits and developed among the Australia and China in order to reduce trade barriers. At the same time, it is also analysed that, in the year 2014, China is the biggest and largest trading partner of China (Pfizer, 2016). For example, the accounting for 23 per cent of Australias two-way trade, the second year bilateral trade values have exceeded A$150 billion. In the same way, China is the biggest and largest export market (A$98 billion) and source of imports (A$54 billion). In the same way, China is the largest importer and exporter of the Australia that indicates strong business relationships among these two nations. In the current time, Australia is also enhancing its two-way trade with China to improve its economic situation. Hence, it can be said that, there is a high level of economic integration among the China and Australia (African Union, 2012). Economic and Political Environment of China: The political as well as economic environment of China is very strong as compare to other nations of the global world. For example, the new foreign companies may take the benefits of weaker exchange rate and effectively expand the business in the nation by improving their market share. In addition to this, the economic transformation made by the China from the last few years had created an attractive and supportive destination investors as well as exporters. Moreover, there is a rapid improvement in the GDP rate of China from the last 10 years. For example, from the last ten decades, the GDP of China had expanded by an average 10% p.a. In contrast, the equity market of the nation is already suffered from the sharp downturn (Roncoroni, Fusai, and Cummins, 2015). But, China is using several strategies in order to deal with this downturn in the equity market. This is beneficial for the investors as well as new company that want to expand the business in China. On the other hand, it is accessed that, the political climate of China is also very strong and effective. For example, according to the World Bank, China is the second ranked bottom quartile of economies for three dimensions of governance including lack of violence, political stability, strong law rules, and control of corruption. Furthermore, CPSC (Central Politburo Standing Committee) is the most influential and highest decision making body in the nation (Moses, Moore, Pleasant and Vest, 2011). On the other hand, it can be said that based on the level of economic integration, political and economic environment, joint venture would be one of the most valuable, dynamic, effective and best market strategy as compare to others for the Lawley in order to improve and expand business in the Chinese market. For example, according to this strategy, Lawley Pharmaceuticals would develop and create business arrangement with the Chinees Pharmaceutical companies by agreeing to pool their resources for the purpose of accomplishing a specific task. Additionally, by using this strategy, Lawley can also effectively expand the business in the China and make maximum profit effectively. For example, risks as well as profits would be shared equally by both the companies in the market. In the same way, Lawley can be able to increase its business capacity and access greater resources effectively (Cullen, and Parboteeah, 2010). Additionally, Joint venture would also allow the home company to growth and expand business operations in the host country without having to borrow funds. In this way, it would be easier for Lawley to establish a strong presence in the China market and generate maximum profit and revenue effectively. Additionally, different kinds of tangible and intangible benefits can also be gained by Lawley through joint ventures. For example, such benefits includes: larger market reach, Barriers to competition, shorter learning curve, new revenue streams, enhanced credibility, product and intellectual property gains, Expertise and knowledge gain. Hence, in order to gain such benefits, Lawley would use Joint venture as a market entry strategy to enter and expand the business in China (Xiong, Yamada, and Terano, 2015). Conclusion On the basis of above discussion, it is summarized and suggested that, Lawley Pharmaceuticals should enter and expand its business in China not in South Africa by using joint venture market entry strategy or mode. Moreover, it is also important for a company to enter into global market to access the current political, economic, and social environment. Finally, it can be concluded that, different kinds of risks/challenges and opportunities are exits in the global environment. References Abbey, B. S., and Doukas, J. A. (2015). Do individual currency traders make money? 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