The Effects of Global Warming on Animals

Global warming, scientists say, is responsible not only for shrinking ice caps but also for a surge in extreme weather that is causing heat waves, forest fires, and droughts. The polar bear standing on a chunk of shrinking ice, apparently stranded, has become a familiar image, a symbol of the devastating effects of climate change. This image is somewhat misleading since polar bears are powerful swimmers and climate change will primarily affect them by restricting access to prey. Nevertheless, researchers agree that even small changes in temperature are enough to threaten hundreds of already struggling animals. Time is of the essence: A 2003 study in the journal Nature concluded that 80 percent of some 1,500 wildlife species sampled are already showing signs of stress from climate change. Habitat Disruption The key impact of global warming on wildlife is habitat disruption, in which ecosystems—places where animals have spent millions of years adapting—rapidly transform in response to climate change, reducing their ability to fulfill the species needs. Habitat disruptions are often due to changes in temperature and water availability, which affect the native vegetation and the animals that feed on it. Affected wildlife populations can sometimes move into new spaces and continue to thrive. But concurrent human population growth means that many land areas that might be suitable for such â€Å"refugee wildlife† are fragmented and already cluttered with residential and industrial development. Cities and roads can act as obstacles, preventing plants and animals from moving into alternative habitats. A report by the Pew Center for Global Climate Change suggests that creating â€Å"transitional habitats† or â€Å"corridors† could help migrating species by linking natural areas that are otherwise separated by human development. Shifting Life Cycles Beyond habitat displacement, many scientists agree that global warming is causing a shift in the timing of various natural cyclical events in the lives of animals. The study of these seasonal events is called phenology. Many birds have altered the timing of long-held migratory and reproductive routines to better sync up with the warming climate. And some hibernating animals are ending their slumbers earlier each year, perhaps due to warmer spring temperatures. To make matters worse, research contradicts the long-held hypothesis that different species coexisting in a particular ecosystem respond to global warming as a single entity. Instead, different species within the same habitat are responding in dissimilar ways, tearing apart ecological communities millennia in the making. Effects on Animals Affect People Too As wildlife species struggle and go their separate ways, humans can also feel the impact. A World Wildlife Fund study found that a northern exodus from the United States to Canada by some types of warblers led to a spread of mountain pine beetles that destroy valuable balsam fir trees. Similarly, a northward migration of caterpillars in the Netherlands has eroded some forests there. Which Animals Are Hardest Hit by Global Warming? According to Defenders of Wildlife, some of the wildlife species hardest hit by global warming include caribou (reindeer), arctic foxes, toads, polar bears, penguins, gray wolves, tree swallows, painted turtles, and salmon. The group fears that unless we take decisive steps to reverse global warming, more and more species will join the list of wildlife populations pushed to the brink of extinction.

Animal Testing Should Be Banned - 1509 Words

Animal testing is intended to express the use of animals in scientific research. Every year more than 115 million animals around the world have been used in laboratory experiments (Human Society International,2012). They include animals that are generally used in medical research such as cats, dogs, guinea pigs, mice, rats and monkeys. This experience has a major role in the progress of medicine. For example, it has been used in the development of drugs and surgical procedures and artificial body parts. Galen of Pergamum, a Greek physician who has been known as the first scientist who performed experiments on living animals during the second century ( Hajar,2011). The early trials conducted before the development of†¦show more content†¦Many developed countries, developed a more comprehensive regulatory framework. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration demands to test new products on animals, and exclude most animal-related laws. It also organizes experiments by 3 ways: First: the Animal Welfare Act, which is the only federal law which sets basic standards for the care and treatment of animals in laboratories, but exclude mice and birds used in research purposes, which represent 95% of the experimental animals (Human Society International,2012) . The law requires notification of the number of laboratory animals used in research. It also imposes on each institution to have the committee use and protection of animals, the researchers consult with veterinarians in the organization they work for and with this committee on any experiments planned to take place on the animal, and the committees to review to determine whether the use of animals is guaranteed or not, and also the review of the protocols to see whether it can reduce the use of animals or replaced in order to reduce suffering. Under the terms of the animal law, Scientists can also perform any action on animals if scientific justification provided. And they have the commission to make sure researchers study other alternatives on non- use of animals and search for alternatives and report to the commission on the search result. If alternatives can not be found, the

Global Business Money and Finance

Question: Discuss about the Global Business for Money and Finance. Answer: Introduction In the current time, it is essential, valuable and significant for the business firms or companies to expand their business at the global level by entering into a global market. It is because, expanding business into the global market, can provides a lot of tangible and intangible benefits and opportunities to grow and enhance the level of profit. But, when a new company or firm enter into another market or global market, several kinds of serious issues and challenges are faced by the organization in the market. But, such issues/challenges can be overcome or reduce by using strategic, dynamic and innovative global business strategies in an effective and proper manner. Moreover, for this research paper an Australian pharmaceutical company would be selected and background information about the selected company would be described. On the other hand, this research study would also conduct an analysis on the risk/challenges, and opportunities within both China and South Africa market. At the same time, based on the above analysis, a best country for the selected company would be recommended so that it can effectively enter into in the global market. Furthermore, an entry strategy/mode for the selected company would be proposed to enter into another market. Hence, all these are the main objectives related with this research study that would be attained in order to reach a valid outcome or conclusion. Background to the Company Generally, with regards to this research paper, Lawley Pharmaceuticals is selected that is one of the leading and major Australian pharmaceutical companies. Moreover, it is accessed that, the company is expecting and considering China as well as South Africa for the purpose to enlarge its business activities and enter the global marketplace for the first time. On the other hand, it should also be noted down that, it is a well reputed and well known Australian privately held pharmaceutical organization that was founded by the pharmacist Michael Buckley in the year 1995 at Perth, Western Australia. At the same time, it is found that, in the current time, the company is providing a wide range of products and services related to the pharmaceutical in the country. For example, it is one of the leading and specialized manufactures of the pharmaceutical-grade hormone replacement therapies within the Australian pharmaceutical industry (Lawley Pharmaceuticals, 2016). In addition to this, it is the largest and biggest manufactures of the Australia that develops progesterone as well as testosterone creams for the different kinds of endocrine deficiencies and medical conditions. Along with this, it is also analysed and found that, in the area of research and development of transdermal hormone preparations, Lawley Pharmaceuticals is the market leader. Moreover, the company is also heavily focusing on advancing clinical research from the last 20 years in the country. Furthermore, the company was founded and established for the vision of developing naturally occurring hormones. Moreover, this company comes under the most profitable companies with highest sales, market share, and revenue within the Australian Pharmaceutical business sector (Lawley Pharmaceuticals, 2016). Analysis of Risks/Challenges and Opportunities in South Africa and China Risks/Challenges: Basically, there are four kinds of risks/challenges faced by a company when it enters into another market or global marketplace. For example, commercial, country, financial and cross cultural risks etc are the major examples of risk that may be faced by a company in the global market. These risks negatively affect the business operations, strategies, methods, market share, level of revenues, and profitability of a new company into the global market. Moreover, it is important for the new companies or firms to access potential of a new country by conducting risks and opportunities analysis (Thoo, 2013). Commercial Risks: It is kinds of risk that occurs from the potential losses arising from the trading partners or the market. But, in the China, there are less commercial risks by comparing to South Africa. For example, China had developed a lot of Free trade agreements with the Australia and strong business relations exits among these two. In contrast, there is lack of such business agreement among the South Africa and Australia (Abbey and Doukas, 2015). Currency/Financial Risks: There are fewer changes in the changes in the currency of China because of high real GDP rate. Country Risks: These risks include political risk, exchange rate risk, economic risk, sovereign risk and transfer risk. For case, the political and economic environment of the China is highly stable and effective as compare to South Africa due to availability of strict and supportive business rules, laws, regulations, and standards. In contrast, the both political and economic environment of South Africa is not strong and effective as compare to China due to gap in regulatory policies. Hence, there is less country risks in the China as compare to South Africa (Chou, Wang, and Wang, 2015). Cross-Cultural Risks: As with the highest population, China is the largest country in the global world with a population of 1.357 billion and this is increasing rapidly day by day. In contrast, the population of South Africa is approximate 52.98 million. This great difference indicates that the Chinees population is highly diversified as compare to South Africa. In China, there is diverse population with different needs, wants and demand that may affect the success and growth of a company in the nation. In the same way, Chinese culture is highly complex as compare to South Africa so there are greater cross cultural risks exits in China (Flint, Lepone, and Yang, 2014). Opportunities: The following table indicates the main opportunities available both in China and South Africa Market: China Worlds largest and Biggest Market and Economy Emerging focus on innovation, higher-end consumer goods and services Innovative and Supportive Business policies, laws, rules, and Regulations Availability of Trained and well skilled employees or workforce Reduced rates of Taxes and Tariffs (National Industry Program, 2016). Chinese Business Etiquette and Culture Availability of resources at the cheaper rate or price Low labour costs, Strong political and economic structure Availability of a number of Large and small financial companies and financial institutions (Carroll, 2013). A large number of customers Growing and distinctive Chinese pharmaceutical market South Africa The pharmaceutical market or industry of the nation is small so a new company can easily target their customers for their product There is no tight competition in the market and companies can easily expand business in the nation. Innovative and supportive business environment No strict business rules for the new companies Eco-friendly health policies The Selected Destination Country Based on the identified risks, challenges and opportunities, it is suggested that Lawley Pharmaceuticals should enter and expand their business in China not in South Africa. It is because, there are greater and high level of risks and challenges exits in the market of South Africa as compares to China. Moreover, as compare to South Africa, a lot of business opportunities are available in the Chinees market that can be gained by the Lawley in order to expand the business. Moreover, it is also found that, the political, economic, social, technological and legal environment of the China is more supportive as compare to South Africa (Pacific Bridge Medical, 2016). So, it is recommended that, the company should go for China to expand the business operations. At the same time, it is also found that, in the South Africa, there is a weak policy environment and limited governmental support for the Pharmaceuticals companies. In contrast, in China, there is a strong policy for such companies an d proper support is provided by the government to the companies in order to grow and expand the business (Nanda, and Kumar, 2012). Additionally, the Pharmaceutical market of the China is larger and biggest as compare to South Africa so there are more opportunities available in the Chinees market for the Pharmaceuticals companies. In contrast, within the Pharmaceuticals business sector of the South Africa, there is a gap among the enforcement capacities and regulatory framework that may affect the success of the company in the market (Sun Pharma, 2016). On the other hand, as compare to China, in South Africa, there is shortfalls in capital and skills. Along with this, China is one of the biggest and most populated countries in the global world. Moreover, the Pharmaceutical sector of the China is also working very well and fast with fastest growing rate of economy and the economic and political structure of the nation is effective. Hence, it is suggested that, Lawley Pharmaceuticals should enter and expand their business in China as compare to South Africa in order to take the benefits of biggest and largest marke t of the world (Pacific Bridge Medical, 2014). Proposed Entry Mode/Strategy for the Chosen Country Today, it is more important and valuable for the companies or business firms to identify and chose a best market entry strategy in order to expand the business and enter into the global bazaar. For example, there are different kinds of market entry strategy such as: Greenfield Investments, Piggybacking, Turnkey Projects, Merger, Acquisition, Partnering, Joint venture, Franchising, Licensing, direct exporting etc. All these strategies may be used by Lawley Pharmaceuticals in order to expand the business into the China. Hence, it is more comprehensive for the Lawley Pharmaceuticals to analyse and select a best market entry strategy in order to enter into the Chinese market or Pharmaceutical industry (IMS Health, 2016). Moreover, it is also necessary for the Lawley to select a best market entry strategy by analysing and accessing the business environment of China market. So, in order to choose a best strategy, the company would analyse the economic integration between Australia (Home Country) and host country (China). Moreover, the company would also need to analyse both the political and legal environment of the China (Mitrev, and Culpepper, 2012). Level of Economic Integration: The economic integration among the China and Australia is at the regional level which is marked in the level of the expansion of intermediate goods deal, intraregional trade, and harmonization between disjointed parts of the manufacture procedures in the different business sectors. On the other hand, a free trade agreement is also exits and developed among the Australia and China in order to reduce trade barriers. At the same time, it is also analysed that, in the year 2014, China is the biggest and largest trading partner of China (Pfizer, 2016). For example, the accounting for 23 per cent of Australias two-way trade, the second year bilateral trade values have exceeded A$150 billion. In the same way, China is the biggest and largest export market (A$98 billion) and source of imports (A$54 billion). In the same way, China is the largest importer and exporter of the Australia that indicates strong business relationships among these two nations. In the current time, Australia is also enhancing its two-way trade with China to improve its economic situation. Hence, it can be said that, there is a high level of economic integration among the China and Australia (African Union, 2012). Economic and Political Environment of China: The political as well as economic environment of China is very strong as compare to other nations of the global world. For example, the new foreign companies may take the benefits of weaker exchange rate and effectively expand the business in the nation by improving their market share. In addition to this, the economic transformation made by the China from the last few years had created an attractive and supportive destination investors as well as exporters. Moreover, there is a rapid improvement in the GDP rate of China from the last 10 years. For example, from the last ten decades, the GDP of China had expanded by an average 10% p.a. In contrast, the equity market of the nation is already suffered from the sharp downturn (Roncoroni, Fusai, and Cummins, 2015). But, China is using several strategies in order to deal with this downturn in the equity market. This is beneficial for the investors as well as new company that want to expand the business in China. On the other hand, it is accessed that, the political climate of China is also very strong and effective. For example, according to the World Bank, China is the second ranked bottom quartile of economies for three dimensions of governance including lack of violence, political stability, strong law rules, and control of corruption. Furthermore, CPSC (Central Politburo Standing Committee) is the most influential and highest decision making body in the nation (Moses, Moore, Pleasant and Vest, 2011). On the other hand, it can be said that based on the level of economic integration, political and economic environment, joint venture would be one of the most valuable, dynamic, effective and best market strategy as compare to others for the Lawley in order to improve and expand business in the Chinese market. For example, according to this strategy, Lawley Pharmaceuticals would develop and create business arrangement with the Chinees Pharmaceutical companies by agreeing to pool their resources for the purpose of accomplishing a specific task. Additionally, by using this strategy, Lawley can also effectively expand the business in the China and make maximum profit effectively. For example, risks as well as profits would be shared equally by both the companies in the market. In the same way, Lawley can be able to increase its business capacity and access greater resources effectively (Cullen, and Parboteeah, 2010). Additionally, Joint venture would also allow the home company to growth and expand business operations in the host country without having to borrow funds. In this way, it would be easier for Lawley to establish a strong presence in the China market and generate maximum profit and revenue effectively. Additionally, different kinds of tangible and intangible benefits can also be gained by Lawley through joint ventures. For example, such benefits includes: larger market reach, Barriers to competition, shorter learning curve, new revenue streams, enhanced credibility, product and intellectual property gains, Expertise and knowledge gain. Hence, in order to gain such benefits, Lawley would use Joint venture as a market entry strategy to enter and expand the business in China (Xiong, Yamada, and Terano, 2015). Conclusion On the basis of above discussion, it is summarized and suggested that, Lawley Pharmaceuticals should enter and expand its business in China not in South Africa by using joint venture market entry strategy or mode. Moreover, it is also important for a company to enter into global market to access the current political, economic, and social environment. Finally, it can be concluded that, different kinds of risks/challenges and opportunities are exits in the global environment. References Abbey, B. S., and Doukas, J. A. (2015). Do individual currency traders make money? Journal of International Money and Finance, 56, pp. 158-177. African Union. (2012). Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Plan for Africa. Available At: https://sa.au.int/en/sites/default/files/pmpa%20bp%20ebook.pdf {Accessed On: 21st Sept 2016}. Carroll, D. (2013). Is Big Pharma Setting Up for a China Sales Catastrophe? Available At: https://www.fool.com/investing/general/2013/09/19/is-big-pharma-setting-up-for-a-china-sales-catastr.aspx {Accessed On: 21st Sept 2016}. Chou, R. K., Wang, G. H., and Wang, Y. Y. (2015). The impacts of individual day trading strategies on market liquidity and volatility: evidence from the Taiwan index futures market. Journal of Futures Markets, 35(5), pp. 399-425. Cullen, J.B, and Parboteeah, KP (2010). International Business: Strategy and Multinational Company, pp. 3-33. Flint, A., Lepone, A., and Yang, J. Y. (2014). Do option strategy traders have a disadvantage? Evidence from the Australian options market. Journal of Futures Markets, 34(9), pp. 838-852. IMS Health. (2016). Increase Commercial Value from Strategy through Implementation. Available At: https://www.imshealth.com/en/solution-areas/pharmaceutical-health-services {Accessed On: 21st Sept 2016}. Lawley Pharmaceuticals. (2016). About Us. Available At: https://www.lawleypharm.com.au/ {Accessed On: 21st Sept 2016}. Mitrev, S. and Culpepper, R (2012). Expatriation in Europe: Factors and Insights, The Journal of International Management Studies, 7(1), pp. 158-167. Moses, C, Moore, K, Pleasant, J and Vest, D (2011). Adapting The E.P.R.G Paradigm To Internationalizing Business Schools: A Conceptual Framework, International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(23), pp.60-67. Nanda, S and Kumar, A. (2012). international staffing: factors, issues and alternatives, Journal of Human Resource Management and Development (JHRMD), 2(2), pp. 56-64. National Industry Program. (2016). The next phase: Opportunities in China's pharmaceuticals market. Available At: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ch/Documents/life-sciences-health-care/ch_Studie_Pharmaceutical_China_05052014.pdf {Accessed On: 21st Sept 2016}. Pacific Bridge Medical. (2014). China regulatory and market access pharmaceutical report. Available At: https://www.pacificbridgemedical.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/China-Regulatory-and-Market-Access-Pharmaceutical-Report-2014.pdf {Accessed On: 21st Sept 2016}. Pacific Bridge Medical (2016). Registering your API in China. Available At: https://www.pacificbridgemedical.com/publication/china-api-market-opportunities/{Accssed On: 21st Sept 2016}. Pfizer (2016). Committed to communities. Available At: https://www.pfizer.co.za/Communities {Accessed On: 21st Sept 2016}. Roncoroni, A., Fusai, G., and Cummins, M. (2015). Handbook of Multi-Commodity Markets and Products: Structuring, Trading and Risk Management. USA: John Wiley Sons. Sun Pharma, (2016). About Us. Available At: https://www.sunpharma.com/south-africa {Accessed On: 21st Sept 2016}. Thoo, L (2013). International HR Assignment in Recruiting and Selecting: Challenges, Failures and Best Practices, International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 3(.4), pp 143-158. Xiong, Y., Yamada, T., and Terano, T. (2015). Comparison of different market making strategies for high frequency traders. In 2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC). pp. 324-335. IEEE.

Nursing Shortage In The Present Generation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Nursing Shortage In The Present Generation. Answer: Introduction: Nursing shortage can be defined as the situation where the demand ofnursing professionals likes that of the registered nurses, enrolled nurses and similar others are exceeding the supply of the nurses (McIntyre McDonald, 2014). This can take place locally, globally as well as nationally. Thenursing shortage can be identified from the analysis of nurse-patient ration, nurse-population ratio as well as the number of job openings available in the market (Rustoen, 2016). Canada has been suffering fromnursing shortage in the present generation that had affected safety of patients largely. This report will be mainly shedding light on the issue of nursing shortage. It will also provide the economical, political and cultural analysis leading to such a situation. The barriers of resolution of the issue will also be discussed and strategies would be provided by which the issue can be resolved. Articulating the issue: Statistical data has shown that in the early years of the 1990s, most of the regions, territories and provinces in Canada. Just after two decades, situations have become worse, where Canada is witnessing a growth in the issue of nursing shortage. Researchers are of the opinion that the aging nursing workforce is the main reason for the nursing shortage. They have also stated that even if new nursing professionals are trained, they will not be enough to overcome the offset of the huge number of nursing retirements that are anticipated (Bloomberg Stier, 2016). Further researchers who have conducted social analysis of the issue had stated that if the government or the concerned authorities publish no policy interventions, Canada would be witnessing a shortage of about 60,000 full time registered nurses in the year of 2022. Canadian Nurses association has provided this information. Canadian population is actually seeing a vast increase in the number of people over 65 due to the advancem ent of the medical science. The expectancy of life has increased and therefore older generation is living for a large expansion of time. However, the quality of the life of such individuals is quite poor and they have many medical as well as health needs. This will require the service of many nursing professionals to care for the patients (Gottlieb, 2016). Recent reforms in the healthcare systems have given scopes to millions of people in the nation to access the healthcare system. As a result, nursing shortage is a huge issue that needs to be solved. Analyzing the Issue: Nursing shortage has negative impacts on the health of the patients who get admissions in the hospitals. It disrupts the smooth workflow of the healthcare organizations as well. Researchers have often stated a number of disadvantages that affect healthcare organizations. Nursing shortages are seen to increase the workloads of the patients (McIntyre McDonald, 2014). This issue also enhances the risk for error that compromises the safety of patients. It also results in increase in the spreading of the infection to patients and staff (Lee et al., 2014). Nursing shortage forces few existing nurses to take huge amount of responsibilities that results them in burning out. This leads to many adverse outcomes like shock, cardiac arrests, pneumonia, urinary tract infections and many others among patients who take admissions in the healthcare centers. It also increases risk for occupational injuries where the burned out nurses may face severe emotional as well as physical stress in their live s. Such heavy pressures on the existing nurses and the various errors committed by them during caring for patients make them suffer from legal obligations. Their enthusiasm and confidence also become low for which nursing turnover results (Cox, Willis Costasse, 2014). This in turn results in higher costs for the healthcare system and even for the employers Social and Cultural Analysis of the Issue: The organizational culture as well as the working climate often becomes the major reason for nursing turnover and shortage of nurses. The working culture of many healthcare centers in the present days is critical to the new nurses who are joining the healthcare centers. This is said so because the senior nurses, nursing managers and others criticize the new nurses. They are criticized about their skills, their lack of knowledge and many others. Therefore, the seniors who should provide helping hands and guide the new nurses are in turn becoming difficult to them. Researchers have stated that many nurses who have left the organizations or are thinking of leaving the organization state bullying. They have stated that such behaviors affect their morale for which they cannot develop bonds with each other. Moreover violence at workplace both from fellow members and also from colleagues are also other reasons that cause nursing turnovers A second point that can be noted here is that the so ciety had never taken initiatives to promote nurse education and empower them. Lack of nursing empowerment is one of the social issues in the nation that affect the morale of the nurses. There are many areas where training resources are scarce and social attitudes result in inhibiting nurses for advocating patients or themselves. Perceptions like nursing being a peripheral, menial job for women with fewer other options has made nurses suffer from low confidence level and poor morale. Such perceptions have also obstructed adequate respect or resource for them. Poor empowerment and encouragement of the society affect the morale of the nursing professionals. As they do not get the respect and compassion from the society regarding their dedication, they suffer from poor morale. They feel overworked and suffer from burnout as their morals remain down. Moreover, lack of support from hospital authorities regarding intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors also add to the poor condition of the morale of the nurses and they tend to leave their job or not dedicate themselves enough as expected from them. Economic analysis of the issues: Incentives and financial rewards are not provided to the nurse due to fund shortage for which the nurses not only get demotivated, develop poor morale and leave the job. Therefore, all theses result in increases nurse turnover and hence increased nurse shortage. Although the healthcare institutions try their best to accommodate funds to meet, the professionals need but lack of funds from governmental allotment affects the distribution of resources (Kydd et al., 2014).. Therefore, economic constraints and management issues result in tremendous pressure on nurses who tend to leave their jobs (McIntyre McDonald, 2014). Again, other cases are seen where the hospital authorities, to make more profit, restrict flow of resources that creates pressure on nurses and affect safety of patients. Therefore, hidden agendas are indeed there which though controversial can be observed in many cases. When the nurses do not get financial rewards for working extra shifts or delivering more services, th ey tend to get upset and leave their jobs due to such management issues and financial constraints. Political analysis: In many cases, it is seen that the higher officials are careless about the occupational health and safety of the nurses and provide a poor and unsafe workplace for the nurses. The employers are seen not to take initiatives for work health safety of the nurses that exposes them to accidents on the floor. Such working environment demoralizes them as they feel that the organization do not care for the safety of the nurses. The prevailing environment poses danger for the nurses with which they do not want to take chances. The officials do not conduct risk assessments for the safety of the nurses for which the nurses develop anguish over their seniors. Many of the healthcare organizations provide restricted resources to the nurses that are not enough for them to provide care to the patients which not only exposes the patients to unsafe treatment but also such workplace exposes nurses to legal obligations. Such incidents result in emotional turmoil, which make them leave their jobs. Other political issue that nurses face is the power struggles (Onouha et al., 2015). They face tremendous power struggles with physicians who try to override the suggestions and feedbacks of the nurses. The higher officials, physicians and other healthcare experts also practice dominancy and power over the nursing professionals for whom they become depressed and unhappy. This makes them leave their jobs. The officials do not plan any social activities for nurses, do not work and resolve concerns of individual nurses, fix supervisors for morale development, provide them flexible staffing and others. All these issues make the workplace culture monotonous for the nurses where they do not feel loved or respected. Such unsafe working environment becomes a major reason for nurses leaving their jobs. Fewer responsibilities by the higher authorities might benefit them but this affects the interest of nurses. Barriers to resolution: Improper work environment is one of the most important barriers that results in continuous nursing turnover. The officials still do not feel conducting work-health-safety analysis that exposes nurses to threats and accidents (McIntyre McDonald, 2014). The population of baby boomers is continuing to increase and so their healthcare needs are increasing. The nation cannot find out ways to provide high quality lives to such large population of old people and hence, it continues to act as barriers until the population getting affected is controlled. Funding system is yet another barrier for resolution of the issues (Sawatzky et al., 2014). Until the government does not understand the importance of increasing the funding system for allocation of nurses, their education in the universities, for their continuous professional development, nursing shortage cannot be overcome. Stigmatized society will continue to be a barrier until proper education is given to them. Resolution: The government should provide adequate funding which helps in developing a working environment that is free from any sort of risks and safety hazards. They must conduct an analysis of the requirement of funding for every health organization and thereby develop ways by which they can collect the fund and hence provide them to healthcare organizations. A policy should be developed at the national level by which the employers could understand how to create quality work environments, attract new recruits, and retain experienced nurse at the same time (McIntyre McDonald, 2014). The human resource management should take care of recruiting a proper skill mix of nurses so that nurses do not have to conduct an activity that is outside their comfort zone (Glasper, 2016). This would prevent nurses from burning out. Unions and professional associations should support the nursing professionals by working in partnership with the governments thereby creating creative work schedules, providing memb ers with educational supports and professional development options and other social support (McIntyre McDonald, 2014). Societies should be educated about how to empower nursing professionals, as they are the individuals who care for the social beings when they become ill (Zboril et al., 2016). Conclusion: Nursing shortage has become one of the leading causes of concern in the nation. This are affecting the safety of the patients making them suffer and lead poor quality lives. Nursing turnovers are taking place as the exposing nurses are leaving their jobs due to burnouts. In sufficient funding system, one of the main reason that is resulting in nursing shortage as nurses are paid less or trends of short staffing are encouraged. Nurses also suffer from power struggles with their higher officials who dominate them. This factor results in development of anguish and disappointment among the nurses. Moreover, stigmatization among the societies over the profession of nursing does not allow the nurses to feel empowered. Moreover, the decision makers also do not understand the importance of proper patient nurse ratio and hence encourage short staffing. All these factors need to be addresses and effective initiatives should be taken to overcome the issues. References: Blomberg, H., Stier, J. (2016). Metaphorical expressions used in Swedish news media narratives to portray the shortage of nurses and their working conditions.Journal of advanced nursing, Vol: 72(2), pp 382-395. DOI:10.1111/jan.12839 Boamah, S. A., Laschinger, H. (2016). The influence of areas of worklife fit and work?life interference on burnout and turnover intentions among new graduate nurses.Journal of nursing management,Vol: 24(2). DOI:10.1111/jonm.12318 Cox, P., Willis, W. K., Coustasse, A. (2014). The American epidemic: The US nursing shortage and turnover problem. Retrieved from: https://mds.marshall.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125context=mgmt_faculty Glasper, A. (2016). Will nursing shortages threaten the integrity and functioning of the NHS?.British Journal of Nursing, Vol: 25(8), pp 458-459. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2016.25.8.458 Gottlieb, L. N. (2016). Shortage of Nurses, Shortage of Nursing.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive, Vol: 32(3). Retrieved from: https://cjnr.archive.mcgill.ca/article/viewFile/1585/1585 Kydd, A., Engstrm, G., Touhy, T. A., Newman, D., Skela-Savi?, B., Touzery, S. H., ... Fagerberg, I. (2014). Attitudes of nurses, and student nurses towards working with older people and to gerontological nursing as a career in Germany, Scotland, Slovenia, Sweden, Japan and the United States.International Journal of Nursing Education, Vol: 6(2), pp 177-185. DOI :10.5958/0974-9357.2014.00630.8 Lee, T., Kang, K. H., Ko, Y. K., Cho, S. H., Kim, E. Y. (2014). Issues and challenges of nurse workforce policy: a critical review and implication.Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration, Vol: 20(1), pp 106-116. https://doi.org/10.11111/jkana.2014.20.1.106 McIntyre, M., McDonald, C. (2014).Realities of Canadian nursing. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. 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